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References

Where the numbers come from.

Each reference on the site points at a line below. Entries marked Checked have been opened and confirmed against the publisher, with the date recorded. Entries marked To confirm are drawn from our research brief and have not yet been traced back to a primary document.

Broker-compiled entries come from aggregators rather than hospitals or authorities. They are the weakest material here and are never the only support for a figure.

9 official · 2 checked · 14 reported · 9 broker-compiled · 39 still to confirm.

  • [S1]Checked · 2026

    South Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare — foreign patient statistics

    https://www.korea.net/Government/Briefing-Room/Press-Releases/view?articleId=2016788checked 2026-09-15

    Confirms 2.01m foreign patients in 2025, +71.9%, dermatology-led, Seoul 87.2%.

  • [S2]To confirm · 2025

    Bumrungrad International Hospital — quarterly results and international patient figures

  • [S3]To confirm · 2025

    TÜİK health tourism figures via ministry reporting

  • [S4]To confirm · 2025

    Dr. Yunus Öçgüder clinic published international price list, Istanbul

  • [S5]To confirm · 2025

    Esencan International Hospital / Prof. Dr. Yuksel Yurttas pricing

  • [S6]To confirm · 2024

    ASAMI-TURK society history; Prof. M. Kocaoğlu academic profile

  • [S7]To confirm · 2025

    DALRI (Dr. Donghoon Lee) official international pricing

  • [S8]To confirm · 2025

    ZEM Germany / Prof. Rainer Baumgart published pricing

  • [S9]To confirm · 2025

    Betz Institute published pricing

  • [S10]To confirm · 2025

    3D-Surgery (Dr. Peter Thaller) published pricing

  • [S11]To confirm · 2026

    Athens BJR / Dr. Dimitrios Giotikas official price list

  • [S12]To confirm · 2024

    Guichet Institute published pricing

  • [S13]Broker-compiled · 2025

    Thailand limb-lengthening market pricing and case-budget analysis

  • [S14]Broker-compiled · 2025

    China limb-lengthening market pricing

  • [S15]To confirm · 2025

    Paley Institute benchmark pricing

  • [S16]To confirm · 2025

    Height Lengthening Institute (Dr. Mahboubian) published pricing

  • [S17]Broker-compiled · 2025

    Patient-reported bilateral case, Seoul

  • [S18]To confirm · 2025

    Shanghai Jiahui International Hospital — JCI status, MGH partnership

  • [S19]To confirm · 2025

    Chinese hospital tier and elite public hospital reporting

  • [S20]Reported · 2025

    China public hospital International Department tier — registration fees, bed rates and direct billing

    https://m.163.com/dy/article/KIHKKEG40519DFFO.htmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Corrected upward. Beijing Children's Hospital International Department, opened January 2026, charges CNY 1,000 base registration and CNY 1,500 for a designated expert, against CNY 50-100 at its regular outpatient clinic and CNY 500-800 at its special-needs clinic. Fudan Obstetrics and Gynecology in Qingpu lists CNY 5,000 for an international-department consultation with a senior gynaecological oncologist, self-pay only. State Council guidance caps special-needs services at 10 percent of a public hospital's volume.

  • [S21]To confirm · 2025

    Private international clinic pricing in China

  • [S22]Official · 2024

    China National Health Commission — annual medical visit volume

    https://www.nhc.gov.cn/checked 2026-09-15

    The upstream research gave China's annual medical visits as 100-105.8 billion. The real figure is roughly 10 billion, a tenfold error, corrected in the brief before it reached here.

  • [S23]To confirm · 2025

    International patient speed-of-care reporting, China

  • [S24]To confirm · 2025

    Chinese Society of Radiation Oncology — particle centre count and pipeline

  • [S25]To confirm · 2024

    Carbon-ion centre country reporting

  • [S26]Reported · 2023

    Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center — flat rate, patient volume, NPC survival

    http://www.sh.xinhuanet.com/20260509/e2ed148ca8544157b9f34e036689605c/c.htmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Updated. 9,317 cumulative patients, five-year overall survival 70.4 percent, nasopharyngeal 93.8 percent, more than 100 overseas patients. Pricing is CNY 278,000 for the flat radiotherapy fee against roughly CNY 330,000 average total once everything else is counted, which is why a single headline figure for this centre is misleading.

  • [S27]To confirm · 2024

    China CAR-T (axi-cel) pricing and commercial insurance reporting

  • [S28]To confirm · 2024

    China-Japan Friendship Hospital integrative medicine reporting

  • [S29]Official · 2024

    Boao Lecheng special zone statistics and approval timelines

    https://en.hainan.gov.cn/englishsite/iind/202506/b3a75ac6a20e4c71a0e0aac1951cb361.shtmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Product count has moved on: 560 to 607 internationally approved drugs and devices, against the 450 in the brief.

  • [S30]To confirm · 2025

    Beijing Yanda IVF two-cycle package pricing

  • [S31]To confirm · 2024

    China dental implant price-band reporting

  • [S32]To confirm · 2025

    China spinal surgery cost reporting

  • [S33]To confirm · 2023

    China joint-implant centralised procurement (VBP) reporting

  • [S34]To confirm · 2025

    China oncology treatment cost reporting

  • [S35]To confirm · 2025

    China S1/S2 medical visa requirements; Hainan proof-of-funds rules

  • [S36]To confirm · 2025

    Turkey medical tourism market analyses

  • [S37]To confirm · 2025

    Turkish flagship hospital group reporting

  • [S38]Broker-compiled · 2025

    Turkish procedure price listings

  • [S39]To confirm · 2025

    Turkey tele-clinical follow-up coverage reporting

  • [S40]To confirm · 2025

    Korean hospital and clinic market reporting

  • [S41]To confirm · 2025

    Korea limb-lengthening pricing, clinic-published

  • [S42]To confirm · 2026

    Korea K-ETA exemption and e-Arrival Card rules

  • [S43]To confirm · 2025

    Thai hospital international patient service reporting

  • [S44]To confirm · 2026

    Newsweek World's Best Hospitals 2026 — Switzerland rankings

  • [S45]To confirm · 2025

    Swiss private clinic group international pricing

  • [S46]To confirm · 2025

    Heidelberg and Freiburg international second-opinion price lists

  • [S47]To confirm · 2025

    German proton therapy centre pricing

  • [S48]Broker-compiled · 2025

    EU joint-replacement price comparisons

  • [S49]To confirm · 2025

    UK private healthcare price guides

  • [S50]Official · 2006

    PRC Ministry of Health regulation 卫医发[2006]428号 restricting limb-lengthening surgery to medical indications

    https://www.nhc.gov.cn/bgt/pw10611/200702/33de84ed7b40404387adf27226d0346c.shtmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Limb lengthening is permitted only for congenital deformity, trauma, tumour or infection causing a leg-length discrepancy. Cosmetic height gain is not a lawful indication in China.

  • [S51]Official · 2026

    Chengdu stem cell fraud prosecution — CNY 38m taken from more than 1,900 elderly patients

    https://www.sichuanpeace.gov.cn/cd/20260324/2995670.htmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Preparations sold as stem cell therapy at CNY 9,980 to 79,800 were largely vitamin C, saline and glutathione costing under CNY 100. The clinic sat opposite the Sichuan Stem Cell Bank, and nurses altered follow-up test data to show improvement.

  • [S52]Official · 2015

    National Health Commission 干细胞临床研究管理办法（试行）— measures for stem cell clinical research

    https://www.nhc.gov.cn/qjjys/c100015/201508/43d7f4c288e04fb9950f352e33d6d46d.shtmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Institutions may not charge subjects for stem cell clinical research and may not advertise it. Outside haematopoietic transplant, stem cell therapy in China remains at the clinical research stage rather than clinical application.

  • [S53]Reported · 2025

    Reporting on China's underground cosmetic limb-lengthening market and patient harm

    https://www.163.com/dy/article/KHKV69K70514R9OJ.htmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Illegal clinics quoted at CNY 100,000 to 1,000,000, with former patients paid referral commissions up to CNY 80,000. Reported outcomes include unequal leg lengths and an inability to stand.

  • [S54]Reported · 2026

    Reporting on cardiac surgery pricing at Shanghai tertiary international departments

    https://m.sohu.com/a/1023202473_122745617checked 2026-09-15

    Roughly USD 40,000 all-in for a coronary bypass, against a US self-pay range several times that. Media-reported and corroborated across outlets rather than taken from a hospital price list, so a market anchor rather than a quote.

  • [S55]Reported · 2026

    Industry analysis of joint replacement pricing at Chinese Grade 3A international departments

    https://sina.cn/news/detail/5338745995002321.htmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Knee replacement around USD 8,000-12,000 at the international tier. A separate patient account puts a Shanghai hip replacement at a little over CNY 30,000; single accounts are the weakest evidence on this page.

  • [S56]Reported · 2026

    Analysis of net savings for foreign patients once travel and accommodation are counted

    https://www.huxiu.com/article/4829099.htmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Concludes that once return flights, one to four weeks of accommodation, a companion, translation and contingency are added, the saving on routine elective surgery falls to roughly 20-30 percent, and below 20 percent for short-haul patients.

  • [S57]Reported · 2026

    China Daily — foreign patients travelling to China for hospital expertise, including CAR-T

    https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202602/04/WS6982ffd9498e23165e06d42c/foreigners-check-in-to-china-for-hospital-expertise_4.htmlchecked 2026-09-15

    Reports the first approved solid-tumour CAR-T at CNY 990,000 a dose, approved in China and not yet elsewhere, with a New Zealand patient among the first foreign recipients. State media.

  • [S58]Reported · 2026

    Zhongshan Hospital Shanghai International Department — published registration fees via booking platform

    https://guahaoe.com/expert/f54f2150-fe9b-4cd5-80f7-23da0aec0564000checked 2026-09-15

    CNY 1,200 to register with a chief physician in cardiac surgery, CNY 800 with an associate chief physician, and a CNY 300 surcharge to request a named doctor for a return visit. Listed on the booking platform rather than a hospital price page, but specific to named clinicians.

  • [S59]Reported · 2026

    Zhongshan Hospital International Department inpatient rates, patient account

    https://www.whatson.red/blog/navigating-shanghai-hospital-international-departments-forchecked 2026-09-15

    CNY 6,400 a night self-pay, CNY 3,800 with a commercial insurance discount. Corroborated across sources but originating in a patient account.

  • [S60]Official · 2026

    Shanghai Jiahui International Cancer Center — first international patient treated with an approved solid-tumour CAR-T

    https://jicc.jiahui.com/en_US/news/217checked 2026-09-15

    The centre reports treating CAR-T patients from twelve countries since 2023. Satri-cel is approved in China and not yet elsewhere.

  • [S61]Reported · 2025

    Turkish health tourism revenue and patient volume for 2025, reported from official figures

    https://www.odatv.com/ekonomi/turkiyenin-saglik-turizmi-geliri-3-milyari-asti-120154873checked 2026-09-15

    1.39 million foreign patients and USD 3.02 billion in revenue, against a stated 2026 target of 2.5 million patients and USD 10 billion.

  • [S62]Reported · 2026

    Turkish health tourism, first quarter 2026 — Anadolu Agency and Daily Sabah

    https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tourism/turkiyes-q1-health-tourism-revenue-hits-7615m-as-demand-grows/ampchecked 2026-09-15

    302,487 international patients and USD 761.5 million in the quarter, with revenue per patient up around 39 percent year on year — the shift towards oncology, cardiovascular, robotic surgery and transplant.

  • [S63]Reported · 2026

    Hürriyet Daily News — Turkish health tourism volumes and sector response to negative coverage

    https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/amp/turkiyes-health-tourism-faces-rival-campaigns-amid-global-rise-221256checked 2026-09-15

    Sector figures attribute a 7 percent fall in patient volume between 2024 and 2025 to what they describe as perception campaigns — reporting on unlicensed clinics and complications.

  • [S64]Broker-compiled · 2025

    Bookimed listing for Memorial Antalya Hospital, coronary artery bypass

    https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinic/memorial-antalya-hospital/procedure=coronary-artery-bypass-grafting/checked 2026-09-15

    The same listing carries two very different figures for the same hospital and procedure, one of them surgery-only and one a package including five days in hospital and fifteen nights of hotel. A clear illustration of why a Turkish headline price cannot be compared without its inclusions.

  • [S65]Broker-compiled · 2026

    Bookimed listing for Hisar Intercontinental Hospital, knee replacement

    https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinic/hisar-intercontinental-hospital/procedure=knee-replacement/checked 2026-09-15

    Four tiers, two to four nights in hospital, translator and transfers included, no hotel in the basic tier. Bilateral listed at EUR 16,400 with a five-night stay.

  • [S66]Broker-compiled · 2026

    Bookimed listing for Lokman Hekim Akay Hospital, knee replacement

    https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinic/lokman-hekim-akay/procedure=knee-replacement/checked 2026-09-15

    Around EUR 7,000, including four days in hospital, four days of hotel and an interpreter.

  • [S67]Broker-compiled · 2025

    Bookimed listing for Okan University Hospital, hip replacement

    https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinic/okan-university-hospital/illness=coxarthrosis/checked 2026-09-15

    Around USD 9,000, including five days in hospital, surgeon fees and follow-up. A separate UK-facing agency lists a Turkish hip from GBP 8,025 with three nights in hospital, seven nights of hotel and physiotherapy.

  • [S68]Official · 2026

    Güven Hospital and Istanbul Florence Nightingale — published accreditation status

    https://www.guveninternational.com/hospitals/guven-hastanesichecked 2026-09-15

    Güven states JCI accreditation six consecutive times alongside Planetree Gold; Florence Nightingale states JCI since 2013 with re-inspection every three years. Turkey has more than forty JCI-accredited hospitals.

  • [S69]Official · 2026

    Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2025 foreign patient statistics — specialty and origin breakdown

    https://www.korea.net/Government/Briefing-Room/Press-Releases/view?articleId=2016788checked 2026-09-15

    2.01 million foreign patients in 2025, up 71.9 percent, from 201 countries. 87.2 percent treated in Seoul. Dermatology accounts for 62.9 percent of patients and cosmetic surgery 11.2 percent. China, Japan, Taiwan and the United States lead by origin.

  • [S70]Reported · 2026

    Korea Herald — medical tourism spending and cumulative foreign patient totals

    https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10724861checked 2026-09-15

    Foreign patients and companions spent an estimated KRW 12.5 trillion in 2025, and cumulative foreign patients since 2009 passed 7 million.

  • [S71]Checked · 2025

    JACC — cost analysis of transcatheter aortic valve replacement across Korean hospitals

    https://learn.acc.org/Public/Catalog/Details.aspx?id=dBp3D9Vdw3rxrmcqKX9tAQ%3d%3dchecked 2026-09-15

    3,463 patients across 39 hospitals. Mean index cost USD 32,173 with a standard deviation of USD 7,552, and 83.2 percent of it material expense — the device rather than the hospital. Peer-reviewed, and the best-sourced single price figure on this site.

  • [S72]Official · 2026

    Severance Hospital, Yonsei — institutional record

    https://www.medicalkorea.or.kr/en/mostvisitedmedicalinstitutions/view?medicalProviderNo=10134checked 2026-09-15

    First JCI-accredited hospital in Korea, first carbon ion therapy centre in the country from 2023, and reports passing 40,000 robotic surgeries.

  • [S73]Reported · 2026

    Published price list, Seoul plastic surgery clinic

    https://abplasticsurgerykorea.com/plastic-surgery-cost-in-koreachecked 2026-09-15

    Clinic-published starting prices: rhinoplasty from USD 4,420, square jaw reduction from USD 5,240, three-set facial contouring from USD 15,650, abdominoplasty from USD 10,200. One clinic's own list rather than a market rate.